Modulated constraining apparatus and methods of use

ABSTRACT

A constraining apparatus includes a constraining structure that captures a first and a second anatomical structure. A motion limiting member coupled with the constraining structure is adapted to provide a force resistant to relative movement of the first anatomical structure away from the second anatomical structure. A regulating member is detachably coupled with the motion limiting member or the constraining structure and is adapted to change the resistant force provided by the motion limiting member when the regulating member is in direct engagement with the motion limiting member or constraining structure.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/095,586 (Attorney Docket No. 41564-710.301, formerly 026398-001010US)which is a continuation of International Patent Application No.PCT/US2009/064217 (Attorney Docket No. 026398-001010PC) filed Nov. 12,2009, which claims the benefit of 61/113,718 (Attorney Docket No.026398-001000US) filed Nov. 12, 2008, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

The present invention generally relates to medical methods and devices.More particularly, the present invention relates to methods andregulated or modulated constraining devices used for holding structurestogether. These constraint devices may be used to hold anatomicalstructures such as bones together with higher holding forces at thebeginning of the healing process when more support is needed and lowerholding forces later on as healing progresses and less support isdesired. Other embodiments work in an opposite manner and provideincreased holding forces over time. By varying the holding forces overtime, a single device may be used to accommodate different phases of thehealing process and automatically adjust the length or tension in theconstraining device without requiring additional surgery. Exemplaryinternal fixation procedures include repair of fractured bones andcerclage of a spinal segment in patients with segmental back pain orsegmental instability such as in degenerative spondylolisthesis.

Current repair of fractured bones may involve the use of an internalfixation device. For example, an exemplary use of an internal fixationdevice is to facilitate repair of a fractured greater trochanter. Incurrent procedures, a stiff cable may be wrapped around the fracturedportions of bone in order to hold them together during healing. Thecable typically provides relatively constant holding forces over thecourse of the healing process. This is not always desirable. In somecases, it is desirable to firmly hold the fractured bones together atthe beginning of the healing process. However, over time as the boneheals, a constant fixation force can stress shield the tissue which canhamper healing later on as the tissue remodels to accommodate a lowerload. Higher compressive forces may also cause bone necrosis.Additionally, it may be desirable to allow a small amount of micromotionor a small amount of loading in order to promote tissue repair. Thus itwould be advantageous to provide a device that can vary the holdingforces as the healing process advances. In other cases, it might beadvantageous to provide a device that increases the holding force overtime. This allows slack or loosening that may develop over time to betaken up as healing progresses.

Internal fixation is also used to treat patients with low back painresulting from internal disc disruption or discogenic disease. Thisincludes the use of bone cerclage devices. There are a number ofdifferent types of cerclage devices. One type uses an inelastic cable toencircle the spinous processes or other vertebral elements therebyrestraining motion. Another type of cerclage involves the use of anelastic tether structure coupled to the spinal segment. Some cerclagedevices include the use of a spacer implanted between adjacent spinousprocesses. While these approaches are promising, they all have potentialshortcomings. For example, some of these devices are invasive andrequire removal of surrounding ligaments, and others are designed forstatic applications and thus limit motion of the affected spinalsegment. This may be advantageous at the beginning of healing whenimmobilization helps improve the likelihood of concomitant fusion but isundesirable later on in the healing process when some motion isdesirable. Still other devices allow substantially unrestricted spinalextension but the constraining force provided by the device is eitherpre-set or related to the extent of spinal segment motion and thereforethe devices do not vary the fixation forces during the course of thehealing process.

Discogenic disease is also associated with degenerativespondylolisthesis, a spinal condition in which abnormal segmentaltranslation is exacerbated by segmental flexion. Treatment fordegenerative spondylolisthesis often involves removal of bone or othertissue causing the nerve impingement (decompression surgery), combinedwith bone fusion to prevent further instability. Since bone fusion takestime, often the entire segment is also immobilized or stabilized(sometimes referred to as fused) using instrumentation, for example,pedicle screws and stabilization rods. This relatively rigidinstrumentation often offloads the implanted fusion material, whichneeds some loading for strong bone formation. Moreover, theinstrumentation remains rigid over time. Therefore, again it would beuseful to provide a fixation device that can vary the holding orfixation forces over the course of the healing process.

While the constraint devices discussed above are promising, they oftenprovide consistent fixation until they are removed, if at all. Thus theconstraint devices shield the healing tissue from stress. This is oftendesirable at the early phase of healing, but can hamper tissue repair asthe tissue remodels. Additionally, in some cases, it is also desirableto permit a small amount of motion or a small amount of loading, as thisfacilitates tissue repair. Furthermore, it may be desirable initially toprotect the healing tissue from high impact loading through the use of adamping mechanism. Therefore, for the aforementioned reasons there is aneed to provide a constraint device which can vary the properties of thedevice, such as holding force, during the healing or tissue regenerationprocess. In particular, such a device should be minimally invasive andeasily adjustable by a physician during the healing process. It wouldalso be desirable for such a device to automatically vary the device'sconstraining properties over time. Additionally, the device'sconstraining properties could vary based on sensing the evolvingmechanical or biochemical environment or based on an induced change tothe device environment.

2. Description of the Background Art

Patents and published applications of interest include: U.S. Pat. Nos.3,648,691; 4,643,178; 4,743,260; 4,966,600; 5,011,494; 5,092,866;5,116,340; 5,180,393; 5,282,863; 5,395,374; 5,415,658; 5,415,661;5,449,361; 5,456,722; 5,462,542; 5,496,318; 5,540,698; 5,562,737;5,609,634; 5,628,756; 5,645,599; 5,725,582; 5,902,305; Re. 36,221;5,928,232; 5,935,133; 5,964,769; 5,989,256; 6,053,921; 6,248,106;6,312,431; 6,364,883; 6,378,289; 6,391,030; 6,468,309; 6,436,099;6,451,019; 6,582,433; 6,605,091; 6,626,944; 6,629,975; 6,652,527;6,652,585; 6,656,185; 6,669,729; 6,682,533; 6,689,140; 6,712,819;6,689,168; 6,695,852; 6,716,245; 6,761,720; 6,835,205; 7,029,475;7,163,558; Published U.S. Patent Application Nos. US 2002/0151978; US2004/0024458; US 2004/0106995; US 2004/0116927; US 2004/0117017; US2004/0127989; US 2004/0172132; US 2004/0243239; US 2005/0033435; US2005/0049708; 2005/0192581; 2005/0216017; US 2006/0069447; US2006/0136060; US 2006/0240533; US 2007/0213829; US 2007/0233096;2008/0009866; 2008/0108993; Published PCT Application Nos. WO 01/28442A1; WO 02/03882 A2; WO 02/051326 A1; WO 02/071960 A1; WO 03/045262 A1;WO2004/052246 A1; WO 2004/073532 A1; WO2008/051806; WO2008/051423;WO2008/051801; WO2008/051802; and Published Foreign Application Nos.EP0322334 A1; and FR 2 681 525 A1. The mechanical properties of flexibleconstraints applied to spinal segments are described in Papp et al.(1997) Spine 22:151-155; Dickman et al. (1997) Spine 22:596-604; andGarner et al. (2002) Eur. Spine J. S186-S191; Al Baz et al. (1995) Spine20, No. 11, 1241-1244; Heller, (1997) Arch. Orthopedic and TraumaSurgery, 117, No. 1-2:96-99; Leahy et al. (2000) Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng.Part H: J. Eng. Med. 214, No. 5: 489-495; Minns et al., (1997) Spine 22No. 16:1819-1825; Miyasaka et al. (2000) Spine 25, No. 6: 732-737;Shepherd et al. (2000) Spine 25, No. 3: 319-323; Shepherd (2001) MedicalEng. Phys. 23, No. 2: 135-141; and Voydeville et al (1992) OrthopTraumatol 2:259-264.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods and apparatus used to constrainanatomical structures. More specifically, the present invention relatesto apparatus and methods for regulating the forces provided by theconstraint device. Exemplary use of such a regulated constraint deviceincludes orthopedic internal fixation procedures such as treatment ofpatients having spinal pain or fractured bones.

In a first aspect of the present invention, a constraining apparatuscomprises a constraining structure adapted to capture a first and asecond anatomical structure. A motion limiting member is coupled withthe constraining apparatus and provides a force resistant to relativemovement of the first anatomical structure away from the secondanatomical structure. A regulating member is coupled with the motionlimiting member or the constraining structure and is adapted to changethe resistant force provided by the motion limiting member when theregulating member in direct engagement with the motion limiting memberor the constraining structure.

The first anatomical structure may comprise a first spinous process andthe second anatomical structure may comprise a second spinous process orsacrum. Sometimes, a third spinous process may be disposed between thefirst spinous process and the second spinous process or sacrum. Thefirst anatomical structure may comprise a bone such as a greatertrochanter and the second anatomical structure may comprise a portion ofthe bone fractured or cut therefrom.

The constraining structure may comprise a substantially inelastic tethersuch as a strap. The motion limiting member may comprise a compliancemember such as a spring and may also be integral with the constrainingstructure. The motion limiting member may also comprise a damperelement. Sometimes the compliance member may comprise an elastomer. Someembodiments of the apparatus may further comprise a second compliancemember that is coupled with the constraining structure.

The regulating member may be detachably coupled with the motion limitingmember. The regulating member may comprise a pin joint that pivotablycouples the compliance member and the constraining structure so as toallow realignment of the constraining apparatus in response to expansionor contraction of adjacent tissue. The regulating member may comprise abioabsorbable cover or block encasing or embedding at least a portion ofthe motion limiting member thereby limiting movement of the motionlimiting member and also increasing its stiffness. The bioabsorbablecover may also encase a portion of the motion limiting member in adeformed configuration such that upon erosion of the cover theregulating member is biased to return to its undeformed configurationthereby regulating the tightness of the constraining device. Thedeformed configuration may be an expanded state whereby returning to theundeformed configuration tightens the constraint; or conversely thedeformed configuration may be a compressed or contracted state, wherebyreturning to the undeformed configuration loosens the constraint. Thecover may be polylactic acid or polyglycolic acid, for example. Theregulating member may comprise a locking mechanism for locking theregulating member in either an expanded or contracted configuration, andmay also comprise a damper element that absorbs transient loads ormotions. The damper may comprise a viscoelastic material or the dampermay absorb transient loads or motions due to friction between componentsin the damper. The damper may comprise a biodegradable component whichbiodegrades away resulting in an adjustment to the damping effect. Thedamper may be in parallel with the motion limiting member or in series.The apparatus may further comprise a second damper element that iscoupled with the tether structure.

In other embodiments, the regulating member may comprise a restraintthat is detachably coupled with the motion limiting member. Therestraint may comprise a clip, wherein engagement of the clip with themotion limiting member increases the motion limiting member stiffnessand disengagement of the clip from the motion limiting member decreasesits stiffness. The restraint may be bioabsorbable. The regulating membermay comprise an inner core and an outer sheath disposed at leastpartially over the inner core. One of the inner core or outer sheath maybe bioabsorbable while the other is elastic.

The apparatus may also comprise a second locking mechanism that iscoupled with the constraining structure. The locking mechanism isadapted to releasably hold the constraining structure in a loop aroundthe first and second anatomical structures. The locking mechanism mayalso be used to adjust length or tension in the constraining structure.The apparatus may also carry a therapeutic agent that may be releasedtherefrom.

In another aspect of the present invention, a method for constraining afirst and a second anatomical structure together comprises capturing thefirst and the second anatomical structures with a constraining structurethat includes a motion limiting member. The motion limiting memberprovides a force resistant to relative movement of the first anatomicalstructure away from the second anatomical structure. The resistive forceprovided by the motion limiting member is regulated with a regulatingmember in engagement with the motion limiting member or constrainingstructure.

The motion limiting member may be at least partially encapsulated in abiodegradable material and thus the regulating step may compriseimplanting the apparatus in a patient's body so as to at least partiallyerode away the biodegradable material from the motion limiting memberthereby reducing stiffness of the motion limiting member. Upon erosionof the biodegradable material, the motion limiting member may alsoreturn to an unbiased contracted configuration which tightens theconstraining structure. The method may also include the step ofincreasing erosion rate of the biodegradable material by providing anaccelerating agent adapted to increase erosion of the biodegradablematerial in situ. The motion limiting member and/or the constrainingstructure may also comprise a damper element and the method furthercomprises damping relative motion between the first and the secondanatomical structures. Sometimes the motion limiting member may berestrained with a restraining element such as a clip. The clip mayincrease stiffness of the motion limiting member. The constrainingstructure may comprise a tether structure and the method may compriselocking the tether structure in a loop around the first and secondanatomical structures or adjusting tension in the constrainingstructure. Sometimes, the method may also include the step of releasinga therapeutic agent, such as a bone morphogenic protein. The method mayalso comprise locking the constraining structure so that its length ortension remains substantially fixed.

These and other embodiments are described in further detail in thefollowing description related to the appended drawing figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram illustrating the lumbar region of thespine.

FIG. 1B a schematic illustration showing a portion of the lumbar regionof the spine taken along a sagittal plane.

FIG. 2 illustrates a spinal implant of the type described in U.S. Pat.No. 7,458,981.

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a bioabsorbableregulating member in a constraint device.

FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a bioabsorbableregulating member.

FIGS. 5A-5B illustrate several embodiments of a mechanical clip used asa regulating member.

FIG. 6 illustrates the use of a damper as the regulating member.

FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate various configurations of compliance members anddampers in a constraining device.

FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate the use of a constraint device having aregulating member in the treatment of a spinal segment.

FIG. 9A-9B illustrate the use of a constraint device having a regulatingmember in the treatment of a fractured bone.

FIG. 10 illustrates a compliance member having a plurality of regulatingmembers.

FIGS. 11A-11B illustrate an exemplary embodiment of a bioabsorbableregulating member.

FIG. 12 illustrates a regulating member having a pin joint.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

There are numerous internal surgical fixation procedures. Some of theseare used for treating lower back pain. FIG. 1A is a schematic diagramillustrating the lumbar region of the spine including the spinousprocesses (SP), facet joints (FJ), lamina (L), transverse processes(TP), and sacrum (S). FIG. 1B is a schematic illustration showing aportion of the lumbar region of the spine taken along a sagittal planeand is useful for defining the terms “neutral position,” “flexion,” and“extension” that are often used in this disclosure.

As used herein, “neutral position” refers to the position in which thepatient's spine rests in a relaxed standing position. The “neutralposition” will vary from patient to patient. Usually, such a neutralposition will be characterized by a slight curvature or lordosis of thelumbar spine where the spine has a slight anterior convexity and slightposterior concavity. In some cases, the presence of the constraint ofthe present disclosure may modify the neutral position, e.g. the devicemay apply an initial force which defines a “new” neutral position havingsome extension of the untreated spine. As such, the use of the term“neutral position” is to be taken in context of the presence or absenceof the device. As used herein, “neutral position of the spinal segment”refers to the position of a spinal segment when the spine is in theneutral position.

Furthermore, as used herein, “flexion” refers to the motion betweenadjacent vertebrae in a spinal segment as the patient bends forward.Referring to FIG. 1B, as a patient bends forward from the neutralposition of the spine, i.e. to the right relative to a curved axis A,the distance between individual vertebrae L on the anterior sidedecreases so that the anterior portion of the intervertebral disks D arecompressed. In contrast, the individual spinous processes SP on theposterior side move apart in the direction indicated by arrow B. Flexionthus refers to the relative movement between adjacent vertebrae as thepatient bends forward from the neutral position illustrated in FIG. 1B.

Additionally, as used herein, “extension” refers to the motion of theindividual vertebrae L as the patient bends backward and the spineextends from the neutral position illustrated in FIG. 1B. As the patientbends backward, the anterior ends of the individual vertebrae will moveapart. The individual spinous processes SP on adjacent vertebrae willmove closer together in a direction opposite to that indicated by arrowB.

FIG. 2 shows a spinal implant of the type described in related U.S. Pat.No. 7,458,981, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein byreference. This implant is used as a treatment for back pain. It iscoupled with one or more pairs of spinous processes, or a spinousprocess and the sacrum, and provides an elastic restraint to thespreading apart of the spinous processes during flexion. As illustratedin FIG. 2, an implant 10 typically comprises a tether structure havingan upper strap component 12 and a lower strap component 14 joined by apair of compliance elements 16. The upper strap 12 is shown disposedover the top of the spinous process SP4 of L4 while the lower strap 14is shown extending over the bottom of the spinous process SP5 of L5. Thecompliance element 16 will typically include an internal element, suchas a spring or rubber block, which is attached to the straps 12 and 14in such a way that the straps may be “elastically” or “compliantly”pulled apart as the spinous processes SP4 and SP5 move apart duringflexion. In this way, the implant provides an elastic tension on thespinous processes which provides a force that resists flexion. The forceincreases as the processes move further apart. Usually, the strapsthemselves will be essentially non-compliant so that the degree ofelasticity or compliance may be controlled and provided solely by thecompliance elements 16.

The constraint device illustrated in FIG. 2 is promising, yet the devicetypically provides only relatively constant fixation properties such asstiffness, size, and tightness, until the device is removed. Thus, theconstraint device provides a continuous stress shield to the tissue itsupports. This may be desired during the early phases of healing, butmay not be desirable in the later phases of healing because the stressshielding may hamper tissue repair as the tissue remodels to accommodatea lower load. Additionally, over long periods of time, excessively highfixing forces can cause tissue necrosis. In other cases, it may also bedesirable to permit a small amount of micromotion or a small amount ofloading as this can facilitate tissue repair. Therefore, there is a needto provide a constraint device such as that illustrated in FIG. 2, butwhich also can vary the properties of the device, such as theconstraining force or tension exerted, as well as the stiffness anddamping, during the healing or tissue regeneration process. Inparticular, such a device is preferably adjustable by a physician duringthe healing process or the device may automatically vary itsconstraining properties over time.

FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate one exemplary embodiment of a regulating memberthat may be used with a constraint device in order to vary theconstraining forces over time. In FIG. 3A, a tether 306 is coupled witha motion limiting member, here a compliance member 302 and atension/sizing adjustment mechanism 308 for locking the device lengthinto a desired position. In this exemplar embodiment a portion ofcompliance member 302 is encapsulated in a bioabsorbable material 304such as polylactic acid (PLA) which transfers load to the encapsulatinglayer, increasing stiffness of the system. In other embodiments, theentire compliance member may be encapsulated. Other bioabsorbablematerials are known in the art and include but are not limited tomaterials such as polyglycolic acid (PGA). The PLA or PGA may be eitherthe levo or dextro isomers or racemic mixtures may be used. Compliancemember 302 is a coil spring although it may also be an elastomericelement or other spring-like elements may be used. The tether structure306 encircles two anatomical structures and the loop size is adjustedusing locking mechanism 308 in order to keep the two anatomicalstructures from moving away from one another during the healing process.As the two anatomical structures move relative to one another, spring302 extends and therefore exerts a compressive force against the twoanatomical structures which restrains their movement and keeps themapposed against one another. Tether structure 306 may be a wire, suture,cord, cable, ribbon or similar structures to form a loop that encirclestwo anatomical structures. Tether 306 may be a textile, a metal or apolymer such as ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) orpolyethylene terapthalate (PET). Other embodiments of tether structuresand compliance members are disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No.2008/0319487; the entire contents of which are incorporated herein byreference. Locking mechanism 308 allows ends 310, 312 of tether 306 tobe joined and fixed together so as to adjust the size of the loop andits initial tension. Exemplary locking mechanisms 308 are disclosed incopending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/479,016 and U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/059,543, both incorporated hereinby reference. Other locking mechanisms such as crimps, clamps, cleats,knots, etc. may also be used to hold the tether structure in a desiredloop size. Bioabsorbable material 304 encapsulates all or a portion ofthe compliance member 302 and prevents the encapsulated portion ofspring 302 from expanding and contracting, thereby effectivelystiffening the spring 302. Thus, the tether structure will exert agreater force resistant to motion of two anatomical structures away fromone another.

After the tether structure 306 is implanted into a patient, thebioabsorbable material 304 will begin to erode away from the spring 302.After a period of time, enough of the material 304 erodes away and theload is transferred to the spring 302 which becomes more compliant.Thus, spring 302 regains its normal unencapsulated spring properties, inthis case, becoming a less stiff spring and providing less restraintforce than while encapsulated. FIG. 3B illustrates the spring 302encapsulated by bioabsorbable material 304 and FIG. 3C shows the spring302 after the bioabsorbable material has eroded away from the spring302. Thus, in this embodiment, the bioabsorbable material 304 regulatesthe force provided by compliance member 302 over time.

In some embodiments, a plurality of regulating members may be disposedon the compliance member in order to further vary the compliance memberproperties over time. For example, in FIG. 10, a compliance member 1002,here a coil spring, has three bioabsorbable blocks 1004, 1006 and 1008disposed around different portions of the compliance member 1002. Eachof the bioabsorbable blocks has a different bioabsorption rate,therefore, for example, block 1004 will be absorbed first decreasingstiffness of compliance member 1002 slightly, followed by absorption ofblock 1006 further decreasing stiffness and eventually followed byabsorption of block 1008, returning the compliance member 1002 to itsnatural state and stiffness. Bioabsorption of the various blocks may betimed with various stages in the healing process or the rate of boneformation, as well as additional treatments applied by the physician,such as agents that affect absorption rates or ultrasound.

FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a compliance andregulating member that also uses a bioabsorbable material. In FIG. 4, aplurality of outer fibers 402 are disposed around a central core 404.The outer fibers 402 are elastic and serve as the compliance memberinstead of a spring and the core 404 is fabricated from an inelasticbioabsorbable material such as PLA or PGA or any of the isomerspreviously disclosed. The inner core 404 prevents the elastic fibersfrom expanding and therefore results in a stiffer compliance member. Asthe inner core is bioabsorbed, the elastic fibers take up the load andprovide the compressive force which resists movement of the constrainedanatomical structures. The elastic fibers may be manufactured from anelastic material such as silicone, polyurethane elastomer or otherelastic materials. Additionally, in other embodiments, the outer fibersmay be the inelastic bioabsorbable portion of the regulating member andthe inner core may be the elastic portion of the compliance member.Additional inelastic, non-bioabsorbable fibers may provide a secondary,permanent limit to elongation of the elastic portion.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 3A-3C, the compliance member is a discretecomponent, separate from the tether structure. In other embodiments, thetether structure and compliance member may be integral with one another.For example, the tether may be fabricated from an elastic strap similarto a bungee cord. Thus, as the tether stretches, the elastic fibers inthe elastic strap are stretched and they provide the compressive forcethat resists movement of the anatomical structures away from oneanother.

In alternative embodiments, clips or other restraints may be used toregulate the compliance member, such as in FIGS. 5A-5B. In FIG. 5A, aclip 314 is applied to a section of coil spring 302, thereby effectivelyimmobilizing a portion of the spring 302 resulting in a stiffer spring302. In FIG. 5B, a shorter section of spring 302 is immobilized by asmaller clip 316. This still results in a stiffer spring, but not asstiff as in FIG. 5A where a longer section of spring 302 is immobilized.To decrease spring 302 stiffness, clip 314 or 316 may be removed by aphysician in another surgical procedure as the healing processcontinues, or the clips 314, 316 may be fabricated from a bioabsorbablematerial such as PLA or PGA in a manner similar to that previouslydescribed with respect to FIGS. 3A-3C. This benefits patients withconditions where stiffer or more rigid fixation is required early in thehealing processes and more compliant fixation is sufficient or evenbeneficial after a period of healing. The advantage of using abioabsorbable material is that the process does not require additionalsurgical procedures. In addition to using a single clip, multiple clipsmay be used to clip several section of the spring 302. Furthermore,clips with different bioabsorption rates may be used so that some clipsare absorbed before others, thereby further regulating or modulating theforces provided by spring 302.

The regulating member may also comprise a damper element which reducestransient loads or motions in the tether structure. Additionally, anoptional damper element may be included with the compliance member. FIG.6 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a tether structure 602 inseries with a damper 604 and having a tensioning or sizing adjustmentmechanism 606 such as the mechanism 308 described above in FIGS. 3A-3C.In this embodiment, damper 604 may be a dashpot or shock absorber whichtypically resists motion due to viscous properties. Thus, transientloads or motions will be reduced by the damper 604. The damper may beadjusted to increase or decrease its damping ability. For example, aphysician may adjust a clamping force or orifice size in the damper withfasteners such as screws or bolts or a bioabsorbable material such asthose previously described may be used to reduce friction between movingcomponents or that restrict fluid flow.

In various constraint devices, dampers and compliance elements may becombined in different configurations to achieve desired deviceperformance characteristics. For example, in FIG. 7A, a tether structure710 is coupled with both a damper 708 and a compliance element 704. Thecompliance element has an optional regulating member 706 such as thebioabsorbable cover previously described or clip also previouslydescribed. The compliance member 704 is in parallel with the damper 708.The ends of the tether structure 712, 714 are secured together with atension and sizing adjustment mechanism 702.

FIG. 7B is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 7A with the exception thatthis time the damper 708 is in series with the compliance member 704.FIG. 7C illustrates yet another embodiment with multiple dampers andmultiple compliance members. In this exemplary embodiment, compliancemember 704 is in parallel with damper 708 and compliance member 716 isin series with damper 720. Compliance members 704, 716 optionally have aregulating member 706, 718 comprising a bioabsorbable cover or a clipsuch as those previously described above. Alternative embodiments ofcompliance devices may have two sets of compliance members, preferablysymmetrically disposed with one on each side of the spinal segmentmidline. Additionally, any combination of damper and/or regulatingmember may also be included in the constraint device. For example, aconstraint device may include two compliance members, two dampers, andtwo regulating members, with one of each on opposite sides of the spinalsegment midline. One of skill in the art will appreciate that manyconfigurations are possible.

FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate an exemplary use of the constraining devicesdescribed above. In FIG. 8A, a herniated disc 812 bulges out from inbetween vertebral bodies in a spinal segment 800. Sometimes a herniateddisc fragment may be removed in a procedure commonly calledmicrodiscectomy. In order to facilitate healing of the herniation (withor without microdiscectomy), a constraining device is implanted aroundthe adjacent spinous processes. The minimally invasive implantationprocedure is disclosed in greater detail in U.S. Patent Publication Nos.2008/0108993; and 2008/0262549; the entire contents of which areincorporated herein by reference. Here, an inelastic tether structure806 is wrapped around an upper spinous process 802 and a lower spinousprocess 804, or to a sacrum (not illustrated). The tether structure 806includes a compliance member 810 that has been encapsulated in a rigidbioabsorbable material 808 such as PLA or PGA or isomers thereof. Asecond encapsulated compliance member may also be included in theconstraining device, opposite the first (not shown) on the other side ofthe spinal midline. The rigid bioabsorbable material limits thecompliance member 810 from expanding and contracting, therefore flexionof spinal segment 800 is restricted in the direction of arrow 814. Asthe herniation heals, the bioabsorbable material 808 is absorbedexposing compliance member 810 and allowing it to expand and contractmore freely according to its spring properties. This restores normalmotion of spinal segment 800 in the direction of arrow 818 and arrow 816while still providing some stabilization and thus helping to preventrecurrence of the injury. FIG. 8B illustrates the compliance memberafter the bioabsorbable material 808 has been absorbed and the spinalsegment 800 is slightly in flexion.

FIGS. 9A-9B illustrate another exemplary use of the constraining devicesdescribed above. Patients with a fracture of the greater trochanter 902can benefit from a constraining device that applies more compression tothe fracture during the initial phases of healing, and then lesscompression across the fracture when the bones are substantially healed.In FIG. 9A, a length of tether 904 is embedded in a bioabsorbable blockof material 906 such as PLA or PGA, thereby effectively shortening theoverall length of the tether 904. This causes an elongation to thecompliance element 908, causing a compressive force across the fracturesite 902. After healing, as seen in FIG. 9B, bioabsorption of the block906 frees the previously embedded portion of the tether 910 whichincreases the total length of the tether allowing compliance member 912to relax. This reduces the compression force on the healed bone. Inother embodiments, the compliance element 908 may be encapsulated in thebioabsorable block of material similar to the embodiment of FIGS. 8A-8B.

The previously disclosed embodiments all apply an initially higherconstraint force to the anatomical structures being fixed together andthen the force is reduced over time. It is also possible to provideconstraint devices where the initial force is lower and then increasesover time. For example, FIGS. 11A-11B illustrate an exemplary embodimentof a modulated constraint device where the device tightens over time. Anupper tether 1102 a and a lower tether 1102 b are joined together with acompliance member 1104 such as a spring or elastomeric member. Thecompliance member 1104 is embedded in a bioabsorbable material 1106 suchas PLA or PGA while the compliance member 1104 is deformed into anexpanded configuration. The device also includes an optional lockingmechanism 1108 having a pair of locking arms 1110. In use, the device isimplanted while the compliance member 1104 is in the expandedconfiguration. Over time, the bioabsorbable material 1106 will erodeaway and thus compliance member 1104 will return to its undeformedconfiguration, thereby drawing the upper and lower tether portions 1102a, 1102 b together, tightening the device and/or increasing the tensionin the device. The optional locking mechanism 1108 will lock thecompliance member into the collapsed configuration, here by engaging thelocking arms 1110 with a distal region of the upper tether 1102 athereby maintaining the device in a tighter configuration around thetarget tissue being repaired. The locking mechanism may comprise a snapfit, detent mechanism, press fit, or other mechanism known to thoseskilled in the art. This embodiment is advantageous in that it allowstightening of the device as healing occurs and allows slack to be takenup without requiring a postoperative procedure. Compliance of thecompliance member may be tailored to provide desired properties. Forexample, a very stiff spring provides little compliance once theresorbable layer has eroded away and may generate or release relativelysignificant force in the device as it relaxes. Additionally, thisconfiguration of modulated constraining device may also be used inseries or parallel with any of the other features described herein. Instill other embodiments, a bioabsorable clip or wedge member (notillustrated) may be used to hold the compliance member in an expandedconfiguration. The clip or wedge may be removed by a surgeon or allowedto bioabsorb away, permitting the compliance member to return to itsunbiased configuration. It can be appreciated by one skilled in the artthat similar mechanisms are feasible, including where the compliancemember is embedded in the resorbable component in a compressedconfiguration, such that when the resorbable component erodes and thecompliance member is released the constraint loosens.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a constraining devicehaving a regulating member formed from a pin joint. The constrainingdevice includes a compliance member 1204 that is pivotably coupled atether 1208 with a pin 1206 such that the tether 1208 can pivot relativeto the compliance member 1204. As tissue 1202 adjacent the deviceexpands and contracts, loading on the constraining device may change.Therefore, this mechanical approach allows the compliance member 1204 topivot relative to the tether 1208 which re-aligns the constrainingdevice, thereby regulating loads transferred to the compliance member1204 in response to the adaptation of surrounding tissue 1202.

Furthermore, any of the embodiments discussed above may also includevarious therapeutic agents or drugs such as bone morphogenic proteinsthat may be used to induce the formation of bone, cartilage, or otherskeletal tissues. The therapeutic agents may be included in thebioabsorbable materials so that as the bioabsorbable material isabsorbed, it releases the therapeutic agent.

While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodimentsof the invention, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalentsmay be used. Therefore, the above description should not be taken aslimiting the scope of the invention which is defined by the appendedclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A constraining apparatus comprising: aconstraining structure, wherein the constraining structure is adapted tocapture a first and a second anatomical structure; a motion limitingmember coupled with the constraining structure, the motion limitingmember adapted to provide a force resistant to relative movement of thefirst anatomical structure away from the second anatomical structure;and a regulating member coupled with the motion limiting member or theconstraining structure, the regulating member adapted to change theresistant force provided by the motion limiting member when theregulating member is in direct engagement with the motion limitingmember or the constraining structure, wherein the regulating membercomprises a bioabsorbable cover encasing at least a portion of themotion limiting member in an expanded configuration such that uponerosion of the cover, the regulating member is biased to return to acontracted configuration thereby tightening the constraining structure.2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the regulating member is detachablycoupled with the motion limiting member.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the constraining structure comprises a substantially inelasticor inextensible tether.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein theconstraining structure comprises a strap.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the first anatomical structure comprises a first spinous processand the second anatomical structure comprises a second spinous processor sacrum.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein a third spinous processis disposed between the first spinous process and the second spinousprocess or sacrum.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the firstanatomical structure comprises a bone and the second anatomicalstructure comprises a portion of the bone fractured or cut therefrom. 8.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the bone comprises a greatertrochanter.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the motion limitingmember comprises a compliance member.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9,wherein the compliance member comprises a spring.
 11. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein the compliance member is integral with the constrainingstructure.
 12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the compliance membercomprises an elastomer.
 13. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprisinga second compliance member coupled with the constraining structure. 14.The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the regulating member comprises a pinjoint pivotably coupling the compliance member and the constrainingstructure so as to allow realignment of the constraining apparatus inresponse to expansion or contraction of adjacent tissue.
 15. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the motion limiting member comprises adamper element.
 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein bioabsorbablecover encasing at least a portion of the motion limiting member limitsmovement of the motion limiting member and increases stiffness of themotion limiting member.
 17. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprisinga locking mechanism configured to lock the regulating member into thecontracted configuration.
 18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thebioabsorbable cover comprises polylactic acid or polyglycolic acid. 19.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the regulating member comprises adamper element adapted to absorb transient loads or motions.
 20. Theapparatus of claim 19, wherein the damper comprises a viscoelasticmaterial.
 21. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the damper absorbstransient loads or motions due to friction between components in thedamper.
 22. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the damper comprises abiodegradable component and biodegradation thereof adjusts the dampingeffect.
 23. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the damper is in parallelwith the motion limiting member.
 24. The apparatus of claim 19, whereinthe damper is in series with the motion limiting member.
 25. Theapparatus of claim 19, further comprising a second damper elementcoupled with the constraining structure.
 26. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the regulating member comprises a restraint detachably coupledwith the motion limiting member.
 27. The apparatus of claim 26, whereinthe restraint comprises a clip, and wherein engagement of the clip withthe motion limiting member increases stiffness thereof, whiledisengagement of the clip from the motion limiting member decreasesstiffness thereof.
 28. The apparatus of claim 27, wherein the restraintis bioabsorbable.
 29. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the regulatingmember comprises an inner core and an outer sheath disposed at leastpartially over the inner core, and wherein one of the inner core or theouter sheath is bioabsorbable and the other is elastic.
 30. Theapparatus of claim 1, further comprising a locking mechanism coupledwith the constraining structure, the locking mechanism adapted toreleasably hold the constraining structure in a loop around the firstand second anatomical structures.
 31. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising a locking mechanism coupled with the constraining structure,the locking mechanism adapted to adjust tension or size in theconstraining structure.
 32. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprisinga therapeutic agent carried by the apparatus and adapted to be releasedtherefrom.